The 302 was the only engine avialable in the 1967-69 Z/28 Camaro. This engine was rated at 290 gross HP, but was said to be underrated (and looking at the performance numbers, I would tend to agree). The 302 Chevy was produced from 1967-69 and was only offered in the Camro Z/28 (no other Chevrolets this engine).
The 350 small block was available from 1967 through the 1970's in all Camaros (and later in the 80's and 90's). These engines were much lower performance engines than the 302. For 1967 the 350 was only available in the Camaro, the rest of Chevy's line up got it in 1968.
When the new "1970 1/2" Camaro came out, the Z/28 came with the LT-1 350 engine, which was rated at more power than the 302, but didn't really perform much better. However, the LT-1 was more torquey and streetable engine, compared to the high RPM 302.
I agree with Overkill on the 302 Chevy and BOSS 302. Both engines were underratted, but were really high RPM screamers. Both the Z/28 and BOSS 302 were two of the best balanced muscle cars, offering great handling, brakes and straight line performance (for their time).