Recourse between whom?
Recourse can be between any perceived aggrieved party and the identified respondent. In civil court that would be any (claimant) and the oil company would be the respondent. In a case where there was evidence to suggest a company intentionally sold a product that didnt meet certification and it resulted in criminal damages (an airplane crashes as an example) you could have both civil recourse (families of deceased or those injured themselves) and criminal recourse (in which case you'd have the plaintiff such as the United States of America vs defendant).
...But we're talking consumer motor oils so most likely you'd be talking about civil litigation between a consumer and the oil company (an engine fails) or perhaps a vehicle manufacturer and the oil company (multiple engines fail).
Thats the reason many manufacturer certifications exist. Right in the documents of engine oil certification you'll see legal language such as "...Responsibility for compliance for such legal requirements falls to the engine oil maker, importer, or distributor."
There's actually quite a bit to unwrap in that question but lets stop there if thats ok...
Is proof of cert helpful? Of course, but it's not required for a consumer to obtain compensation. Also we're talking about certifications/approvals rather than marketing claims.
I hope i didnt insinuate anywhere the only way one can successfully obtain compensation is if the oil is certified. I would agree thats not the case. The certifications certainly make it easier. The certifications are quality claims. Sometimes performance related, sometimes chemistry related, etc. All are claims of the qualities of the identified part (oil in this case). The certifications are in writing and are legally binding. Thats why they exist. To ensure certain qualities of a product and to provide oversight.
And yes, we agree an oil that is not certified is not bound by any certification requirements. For those oils it comes down to marketing claims vs actual performance (ie, "this oil is guaranteed to perform for 20k miles"). Those are much harder to deal with regarding recourse. What does perform mean? What does last mean? What does "offers outstanding protection" mean? What does "provides the best cleaning on the market?" mean? etc.
And i tend to agree with the other poster, all this is probably moot. How often is any individual consumer seeking recourse from any oil company for any engine failure? And how often is any automotive manufacturer using a boutique oil company to supply their cars where they would have to seek recourse? Probably a statistically zero sum.
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