I think you are on to something here. Either a wrong pulley or a mismatched belt for the pulleys.
I doubt that a weak tensioner could cause that amount of consistent shredding of the belt. From my experience, a weak tensioner causes chunks of the belt to fray. The rubber debris in your photos appear to result from rubbing or abrasion. Do you smell any rubber burning? I had a tensioner pulley seize and the serpentine belt actually melted before breaking.