What's even more interesting about ZDDP is actually how pointless it is to look at concentrations of it to make decisions based on VOA.
Researchers have optimized the molecular structure of ZDDP by adjusting the length of alkyl chains and incorporating various substituents. These modifications improve the thermal stability and efficiency of ZDDP, ensuring better formation of protective films on metal surfaces even at lower viscosities.
Studies have shown that combining ZDDP with other advanced additives such as molybdenum dithiocarbamates (MoDTC), functionalized fluoropolymers like PTFE (in grease) , and nanoparticles can significantly enhance its performance. For example, the addition of Ni nanoparticles or functionalized PTFE to ZDDP formulations results in a more robust and reactive anti-wear film, providing superior protection under high-pressure and high-shear conditions.
Enhanced ZDDP formulations are designed to decompose at lower temperatures in the presence of certain fluorinated compounds, leading to the formation of more effective protective films. This advancement ensures that the protective phosphate glass layer forms more readily and remains durable under extreme operating conditions
The incorporation of nanoparticles, such as fluorinated ZnO, enhances the formation of the ZDDP tribofilm. These nanoparticles work synergistically with ZDDP to create a more uniform and resilient protective layer, which significantly reduces wear and maintains MOFT even at low viscosities
These advancements have been validated through extensive empirical testing, including tribological studies, high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) tests, and detailed chemical analyses of the resulting tribofilms. These studies confirm that modern ZDDP formulations can effectively maintain MOFT and provide robust wear protection, even in ultra-low viscosity oils like 0W-16 and 0W-8, and there is still a lot room for improvement. Many of these ZDDP doping strategies are not even implemented commercially yet.
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Researchers have optimized the molecular structure of ZDDP by adjusting the length of alkyl chains and incorporating various substituents. These modifications improve the thermal stability and efficiency of ZDDP, ensuring better formation of protective films on metal surfaces even at lower viscosities.
Studies have shown that combining ZDDP with other advanced additives such as molybdenum dithiocarbamates (MoDTC), functionalized fluoropolymers like PTFE (in grease) , and nanoparticles can significantly enhance its performance. For example, the addition of Ni nanoparticles or functionalized PTFE to ZDDP formulations results in a more robust and reactive anti-wear film, providing superior protection under high-pressure and high-shear conditions.
Enhanced ZDDP formulations are designed to decompose at lower temperatures in the presence of certain fluorinated compounds, leading to the formation of more effective protective films. This advancement ensures that the protective phosphate glass layer forms more readily and remains durable under extreme operating conditions
The incorporation of nanoparticles, such as fluorinated ZnO, enhances the formation of the ZDDP tribofilm. These nanoparticles work synergistically with ZDDP to create a more uniform and resilient protective layer, which significantly reduces wear and maintains MOFT even at low viscosities
These advancements have been validated through extensive empirical testing, including tribological studies, high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) tests, and detailed chemical analyses of the resulting tribofilms. These studies confirm that modern ZDDP formulations can effectively maintain MOFT and provide robust wear protection, even in ultra-low viscosity oils like 0W-16 and 0W-8, and there is still a lot room for improvement. Many of these ZDDP doping strategies are not even implemented commercially yet.
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Synergistic and Competitive Effects between Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphates and Modern Generation of Additives in Engine Oil
The increasing demand for low-viscosity engine oil has underscored the role of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP) as a conventional anti-wear and antioxidant additive. It is essential to investigate the influence of modern additives such as cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (CPCa) and Ni...
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Mechanism of Friction and Wear in MoS2 and ZDDP/F-PTFE Greases under Spectrum Loading Conditions
Two different greases formulated using MoS2 and a combination of ZDDP and functionalized PTFE (F-PTFE) were examined under spectrum loading conditions where loads, frequency, and duration of the steps were treated as variables. Combination of ZDDP and F-PTFE were synergistic resulting in a...
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