You want opinions and guesses; that's what you are getting.
You want facts? Get a UOA. I realize they are not cost effective for small sumps, but if you want the info, you have to pay for it.
Not sure we can give you a "certain" figure that will suffice; it's an estimation. Part of the decision is based upon your unique sitation. I don't know of any light-duty diesel engine that takes exactly 12 quarts. PSD and ISB engines take more; Dmaxes less. (I've never had an ISB, so I cannot comment directly on the sump size). The sump capacity is only one contributor in the OCI decision. Sump size is not a direct indication of the OCI duration for any given lube, at least in a linear sense. Dmax engines are notoriously easy on oil; 10k miles on dino oil is not unheard of, as confirmed by UOAs and OLM. PSD's are generally hard on oil viscosity; many change oil at 5k miles to be pre-emptive, rather than spend $ on a UOA.
An OCI certainly negates the cost of the UOA on a small sump gasser. As the sump grows, the cost of the UOA (service brand dependent) can get much closer. CAT UOAs are fairly resonable in cost, and a OCI in a PSD can be fairly costly. All things must be considered. Further, if one were to make the investment of a few UOAs in succession, then one could decide to extend the OCIs based upon information gleaned from the UOA, thereby spreading the cost of the UOAs over many multiple OCIs, greatly reducing the cost per OCI (your basic concept of amoritization).
Also, you mention an "
older 1996 to 2000 chevy or ford 1/2 ton v-8 gas truck with a 5 quart sump capacity" which isn't correct either, because IIRC the trucks of that vintage take 6 quarts with filter. Not that it matters much, but is it a Chevy or a Ford? I personally think both are likely to survive well, as the engines of that decade were well constructed.
If you want to compare a PAO gasser lube to a dino HDEO, I'd say (as a SWAG) the OCIs would be reasonably equitable.
But I qualify that statement with a HUGE caveot of "it depends ..."
Seems like you want a specific answer to a generic question. You throw out hypothetical situtations and want determinate results. Don't think you can get there from here ...