I beleive you'd have to exceed the EPA minimum concentration by a wide margin before it had any negative effects (like unrealistically wide).Sure. The performance doesn't necessarily "scale" in any consistent manner. Some might meet Top Tier requirements at 2x the EPA minimum while another might be at 3x. Maybe that much more will never meet Top Tier requirements because it will create deposits at a higher enough concentration. However, many fuel marketers have charts claiming that about 2.5x EPA minimum requirements will generally meet Top Tier testing requirements. Costco's claim of 5x the EPA minimum is only about the specific detergent that they use.
Like using Techron the recommendend dosage is in the range of 10-20x EPA minimum (this is a guess, I believe this has been discussed, but can't find a reference)
There would be diminishing returns above that. And negative effects would be well above that, not practically even possible.
Each additive is going to have a recommended dosage to meet EPA requirement (1x).
And generally speaking 5x the minimum of 1 additive should be better than 2.5x the minimum of another.
Point being rest assured Costco gas is good. But not necessarily better then xyz without more information.