There is no consensus on this, as SOA has stated to some owners that the new High Performance Gear Oil is "the same" as Extra-S, has indicated to dealers that it's an equivalent replacement, while still other individuals have proposed (based on various observations and data) that it is significantly different.
What seems clear is that Subaru intends this fluid to supersede Extra-S, and dealers (including Fred Beans) have indicated that Extra-S is no longer available to them even in the large 20-litre containers from which they used to fill and sell the individual quart bottles of Extra-S. The replacement, per Subaru, is the High Performance Gear Oil, available to dealers in cases of individual quart bottles.
I've used the HPGO in our car, and while I had never previously used Extra-S and therefore can't comment directly on how HPGO compares with the mythical, blended by Chuck Norris performance of Extra-S, I can say that the new fluid works very well and I don't see any concerns with using it as a substitute. It's also nice to be able to purchase it from any local Subaru parts counter.