Fun fact, you can actually measure difference in current on the blower motor due to filter restriction. I measured ~100 watts difference on my system between restrictive and non-restrictive filters. What's that come out to annually on your electric bill? I figured it was enough to justify a better filter solution.
I was using a plastic tube filled with water to measure differences in filter restriction, until...
I installed a $25 ebay dwyer magnahelic differential air pressure gauge on my air handler to measure/observe head across the handler...in attempts to optimize this airflow vs filtration problem. I can also see when a toddler has closed vents, confusing them with play toys. Air handler is in the basement workshop, so it's easy to observe on occasion.
My filter is installed in the return register. The 18x24x1 size was probably sufficient in 1969, but not for a modern R-410a heat pump that wants >400 cfm per ton for optimal winter operation. Prior owner of house had an electrostatic/washable unit on there causing occasional trips on high pressure in winter. Beyond this, just aren't many 18x24 options available at hardware stores, walmart, etc.
I really wanted to do better than the see-through fiberglass units, but anything else was choking the system beyond acceptable, even with brand new filters. I tried a bunch of "filter buy" models on amazon. At >400 fpm on a 1" pleated filter, you just don't stand a chance. The 2" and 4" filterbuy units had pretty poor pleat separators, so the pleats would collapse and defeats the purpose of the additional area.
I ended up cutting out the register lip and using some wood strips to adapt the return for 4" deep pleated filters. The extra depth provides additional surface area, which cuts air velocity...thus reducing pressure differential across the filter. I've found the Glasfloss units are the best ones I can conveniently buy. I had good performance with their ZL Merv-10 model but recently stepped up to their MR-11 model, which has additional pleat density to offset the tighter media. They even make a 6" deep model in my size but availability is scarce.
For either the ZL or ML-11 I'm measuring right about 0.2 inches of water across the filter when new, and minimal increase over time. I think my air handler is rated 1" WC max (total, including ductwork) but <0.5" recommended. My ductwork is ~0.2" so that leaves about 0.3" for the filter. I accidently left the last one in there for 18 months and didn't exceed 0.5" total.
Bigger filters for the win, multiple big filters paralleled being even better. Deeper filters when bigger filters aren't an option.
https://www.glasfloss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/06-PLEATED-BROCHURE-100119c.pdf
The glasfloss elements can be had cheaply if you're a commercial outfit and ordering them in quantity. I'm getting a year + out of them with minimal measured loading, depsite their very dirty appearance at the end of that period. I'm only ordering them 2-3 at a time on amazon but it's still a good deal considering the longer intervals I'm getting away with. About $20 per filter, so no more than $20 a year.
Someday when the house gets a heat pump replacement I'll ask about a larger filter rack at the entrance of the unit and accomplish the same, but probably still need a blue fiberglass cheapie to keep the return duct clean.