Biodiesel does tend to ruin OCI, as the blow by tends to be more acidic than conventional diesel fuel blow by.
That being said, Soot from blow by is what kills diesel engine oils anyways. So your OCI will be set by your soot loading levels, if you’re doing oil analysis. Fuel dilution will be a secondary characteristic to look for in any analysis.
Bio diesel blends are everywhere. Do you know what percentage Bio you’re getting? Or just anywhere between 2% and 15%?
If you’re running 10% or more (up to B20) - I would really watch any oil analysis and set your drain intervals accordingly.
Both 15w40’s and 5w40’s - assuming all are full synthetics - will provide approximately equal protection. While DNewton did point out the VII aspect, 15w40’s resist fuel dilution significantly better than 5w40s as well.
Since you’re running a 5.9, a bit older, I would suspect a higher fuel dilution rate than say, a brand new 6.7. With that, I would also expect a higher soot load there too, simply from more blow by. I personally would probably just run a synthetic blend 15w40 and change it more often, instead of going down the full synthetic route. However, if you want to go full syn, any of them will provide more than adequate protection.
Running into negative weather, you’re going to have more fuel issues with CFPP then you’re going to have oil issues at -2f, assuming syn blend or full synthetics. Especially with heavy percentages of Bio diesel. Your CFPP / CFCP could be as high as 10f if you’re running B15 or greater. A lot of this depends significantly on the quality of biodiesel being used to blend. Soy based vs rendering based. Etc.
Either way, any of the oils will provide protection. Watch your soot loads and fuel dilution.