Several years ago I posted two photos on here, one taken with the iPhone I was using then and one taken with a Nikon D3s. I don't remember what phone I had-if I was still using my(then dated) iPhone 6 or if it was my Xr, the latter of which is a few generations old. I used the D3s because it was 12mp just like the iPhone, although it too was dated at the time(but actually still holds its own against current DSLRs, resolution aside).
A few sharp eyes here picked out the D3s images based on two things-it held shadow detail better and the iPhone image was overly sharpened. The former is to be expected, as all else being equal a 24x36mm sensor will outperform a tiny one in terms of dynamic range. My current main camera, a Nikon D850, only has marginally more DR though and the D3s still holds its own that department. Sharpness can be added in post, although it's hard to undo it on the iPhone.
At web resolutions, the main things that still make ILC cameras and the like stand out remain better dynamic range in tricky light, possibly a bit better detail, and the ability to use optical effects(ultra wide, very long, and shallow DOF from large apertures and what just comes inherently from a larger sensor at less than infinity) that phones still can't do, although the 3-camera iPhones do decent in the wide angle department. Of course the ability to jack up the ISO quite high, using large aperture lenses, and better vibration reduction/image stabilization make these cameras shine in low light, even though the low light mode on the iPhone is suprisingly decent.
As far as comparing a decent phone to an older P&S camera, well I can guess which would lose that contest and it probably wouldn't be the phone. Larger sensor P&Ss-1" and bigger sensors-shift the equation a bit but a lot of the advantage in those still comes down to preferring a real camera over a phone.