I did not grow up around guns, bought my first rifle at age 20. I have never taken any type of gun safety course and amazingly I am still alive. Guns are pretty common sense, do NOT chamber a round and do NOT put a finger on the trigger until you are ready to fire. Do NOT play with the gun, it is not a toy. Do NOT allow a friend to hold it, EVER unless you have checked twice to make sure it is unloaded-magazine and chamber. Do not rely on the safety, if there is no round in the chamber that is the best safety ever.
As for what type of gun, have your pick. Price is not everything. My most reliable gun is a 32 S&W long revolver but it does not have the power of my 12 gauge or my 9mm. The 9mm cost me $300 brand new and has plenty of stopping power and 15 round capacity, it goes in my glovebox every time I start my car.