oil vapour deposits, residual fuel vapours coming back from the intake side of the valve openings, etc.
With advancements in EFI technology and control, the latter part is pretty much a rarity (unless you have leaky fuel injectors). For the 1st part, watch out for high NOACK volatility oil and opt for one that doesn't vapourise easily.
Sometimes, a blocked/partially clogged PCV valve would contribute to this also.
As with some engines w/ notorious valve stem seal leaks, the deposits may also come from motor oil seeping past the valve guide seals.
Q.