The short answer: whenever you are in doubt, err on the side of caution and change the filter every time you change the oil.
Long answer: several times I have replaced the oil but kept the old oil filter on the engine for a 2nd interval. Never had a problem. ** BUT I ONLY re-used the filter in this way when it was an oil filter designed for extended oil change intervals (M1 EP, Bosch D+, etc), and the oil appeared to be very dirty before the indicated mileage interval had come. The only time I would re-use a standard filter beyond 5,000 miles is with a secondary filtration system or some other additional cleaning of the oil beyond the primary filter... because then, the filter is sharing the load and can go longer in service. This may be overthinking things a bit (as I tend to do) and not necessary, but it makes sense to me. I do get the most life/use out of my stuff without pushing it too far, and I have been maintaining and repairing my own machines for over 30 years.