Refurbs are big business, but are generally for older generation chips. Remember, the semi tools (especially deposition) are geometry specific. Refurbs are big business, especially as chips are used in more and more products. Refurbs can be simply resold or perhaps get new process modules for the specific integrated circuit design.I remember reading somewhere that some of the equipment companies now make more money refurbing and servicing equipment than selling new ones. I also heard that a DUV stepper is 20M and the latest fab for those processes are about $20B total.
I think without being political, most industries want to have at least 3 suppliers (up to 5) for most critical parts for stability and pricing reasons, then they also want at least 2-3 continents sourced parts for disaster recovery reasons (i.e. Fukushima, Thailand flooding).
There are US fabs in Oregon and Arizona as well. But the vast majority are foundries like TSMC and UMC. A foundry is a fab that builds the chips based on another company's design. Samsung makes their own chips as well as other company's designs.
AMC was perhaps the 1st chip company that fabbed their own chips and used foundries as well.
I suggest people look at the stock charts for Lam Research, Applied Materials and KLA-Tencor. These companies make more the 50% of the wafer fab tools. Dep, Etch, Clean and Metrology. Business is booming!
Of course the big bucks is in lithography (ASML, Nikon).
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