Most particles will stay in the filter, some very minute particles may get through.
One example i have seen is galvanizing coating residue from a new tank. The particles were so small they not only got past the main fuel filter but the internal filters in the injectors.
These particles accumulated and clogged the injectors so bad the ECM tried to add fuel to the point it flooded the other cylinders and threw a misfire code code on the really plugged up one.
The filter must be removed and the particulates flushed backwards out of the injector.
Varnish is the most common contaminate and is easily dissolved and injector performance restored quickly. If an in tank solution does not clear things up within a few tanks they must be manually cleaned.
In this picture is a Honda top feed and a Subaru side feed along with new top feed style filters on the right and used ones on the left.
One of the used filters was plugged, no in tank cleaner can fix this, many times it will just drive dirt deeper into the filter and starve the unit.
Top feeds with multiple small holes are most susceptible to clogging, top feed with a large singe hole fair better.
The side feeds are very reliable, there is a massive amount of filter media and its external on the injector.
These units rarely get clogged and an in tank solution is usually enough to keep them in fine shape.