Theoretically, NO...unless they can prove the bypass directly caused a failure (e.g. the bypass filter element deteriorated and plugged oil passages, there was insufficient restriction to the bypass filter that caused engine to be starved of oil, etc.); you are protected under the Moss-Magnuson Act. They can't void warranty on an unrelated part either (e.g. the bypass filter can't be blamed for a wheel bearing failure).
However, in the real world; anything they can put into question can and will be used against you. It also depends on your dealership...some are modification-friendly, while others are not.
I know the local Dodge dealers would void warranties if a K&N was installed or if you used a non-recommended oil filter, but I have read of other dealers actually installing power enhancing programmers and lift kits and offering full warranties.
So in short, its a gamble.
On edit, I see you indicated later about International (which indicates Medium/Heavy-duty trucks)...I know my last neighbor was a International technician and he said they have seen an increase in performance mods, and have tightened their warranty because of that.